Referring more to smaller places like my own - few hundred employees with ~20 person IT team (~10 developers).
I read enough about testing that it seems industry standard. But whenever I talk to coworkers and my EM, it's generally, "That would be nice, but it's not practical for our size and the business would allow us to slow down for that." We have ~5 manual testers, so things aren't considered "untested", but issues still frequently slip through. It's insurance software so at least bugs aren't killing people, but our quality still freaks me out a bit.
I try to write automated tests for my own code, since it seems valuable, but I avoid it whenever it's not straightforward. I've read books on testing, but they generally feel like either toy examples or far more effort than my company would be willing to spend. Over time I'm wondering if I'm just overly idealistic, and automated testing is more of a FAANG / bigger company thing.
I worked at 8 different companies as a contractor, so hopefully my sample size is big enough to be meaningful. I'd say it's 50-50. The companies that don't, usually know that they should but they need a little help. Companies that don't do it and they think they don't need it, are becoming more and more rare (fortunately).
Stick with it. If you're a junior, don't go evangelizing automated testing because it will fall on deaf ears until you're a little more experienced. Keep practicing and offer to set things up if they haven't already.