Technology

Hydrogen would also work well for ships, trains, and to some extent trucks. Basically anywhere that requires long distance travel without infrastructure in between where batteries just don't have the range or power to weight ratio to reach - at least not efficiently. And hydrogen is also specifically better for things connecting to a central transport hub, where the hydrogen production and storage and refueling can be centralized to minimize the infrastructure buildup and maximize production and storage efficiency. These would include ports, airports, trainyards, warehouses, sufficiently large bus terminals, basically everything except cars. And as a bonus it doesn't require stripping the earth or rare metals, sometimes mined by slave and child labor.

I definitely think hydrogen and batteries solve different problems, and we're going to need both. Batteries have lower energy waste when recharging, and can handle power fluctuations better, while hydrogen has a far higher energy density, and scales much better to large scale storage. In addition, hydrogen tanks don't wear out the same way as batteries after many empty-full cycles.

This makes hydrogen very good for large scale applications, where the power requirements don't fluctuate much.

It depends on whether you mean by weight or by volume.

By weight, hydrogen has an almost unbeatable energy density. It's much higher than methanol or even gasoline.

By volume, hydrogen has a horrible energy density, several orders of magnitude lower than any modern type of battery, for example.

So if you have infinite space, hydrogen is great. But a plane does not have infinite space. So you try to compress the hydrogen or cool it down to increase the energy density. However, this will still come out at much worse than gasoline or jet fuel.

Yeah the article is a little rosy and overstating things by using words like carbon free which obviously isn't the case, but fta:

"Retrofitting a propeller plane with fuel cells and liquid-hydrogen tanks would result in a nearly 90 percent reduction in life-cycle emissions, compared to the original aircraft, according to the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), a nonprofit think tank. That’s assuming the hydrogen is made using only renewable electricity —not with fossil fuels, the way the vast majority of hydrogen is produced today."

Battery powered commercial airplanes are a pipe dream right now, batteries are just too heavy for anything practical with flight. Solid state batteries might reduce it some but probably not enough. We'll still need some kind of mass long distance travel in the future. Once they're able to scale up renewable energy sources even more, hydrogen made with those sources could become an important storage medium for getting that energy to power planes or other things where batteries are impractical. So it makes sense to at least be exploring these technologies.

Even for right now natural gas has a higher energy to co2 ratio than other types of fuels, so it's possible there may even be a current efficiency boost, though I don't know that off the top of my head.

If every new technology was attacked saying, well it's not perfect right now so don't even bother trying, we wouldn't have electric cars or all sorts of other innovations. I agree with you on the article though, I hate when they say stuff like "look we have carbon free airplanes now" when obviously we don't.

It is horrible today. The only hope is to use solar energy to split water.

I can't include emissions for building infrastructure or natural gas leaks, but I think it's a fair assumption that those costs are the same order of magnitude whether you use the gas directly or convert it to hydrogen + CO2, and then use the hydrogen. I mention transportation a bit further down.

Someone do the math on the net CO2 impact between jet fuel and natural gas reforming

Ask and thou shalt receive.

When we burn hydrocarbons, the overall reaction going on (neglecting byproducts) is

2 C~n~H~2n~ ~+~ ~2~ + (3n + 1) O~2~ => 2nCO~2~ + (2n + 2)H~2~O

When we steam-reform hydrocarbons, we use the reaction

4n H~2~O + 2 C~n~H~2n~~+~~2~ => 2 nCO~2~ + 2 (3n + 1)H~2~

Such that the CO~2~ emissions from the consumption of the hydrocarbons is exactly equal. Now, the question is about efficiency. Steam reforming has an efficiency of about 65-75 %, which means we need (very roughly) 253 kJ of energy as input per mol steam-reformed hydrocarbon (assuming 65 % efficiency).

The (ideal) energy output from the corresponding consumption of 4 moles of hydrogen is approximately 1140 kJ. Hydrogen fuel cells typically have an efficiency of about 40-60%, so the true output is about 456 kJ (assuming efficiency of 40 %). This gives a net energy output of 203 kJ per mole gas consumed by steam reforming, and consecutive hydrogen consumption.

For comparison: Internal combustion engines typically have efficiencies around 20-35%. If the same gas is consumed in a gas turbine, we thus get an energy output of about 280 kJ (assuming efficiency of 35%).

The comparison in total:

• Assuming lower end efficiencies for steam reforming + fuel cell: 203 kJ / mol gas
• Assuming higher end efficiencies for steam reforming + fuel cell: 464 kJ / mol gas
• Assuming lower end efficiency for gas turbine: 160 kJ / mol gas
• Assuming higher end efficiency for gas turbine: 280 kJ / mol gas

So, the only case in which the gas turbine beats steam reforming + hydrogen on efficiency is when we assume higher-end efficiency for gas turbines, and lower-end efficiencies for steam reforming and fuel cells.

It should also be added that combustion engines have a theoretical maximum efficiency of about 58 %, while hydrogen fuel cells have a theoretical maximum close to 100 %. In addition, combustion engines have a huge head start on fuel cells regarding development. We can expect steam-reforming + fuel cells to improve a lot in efficiency the coming years, the same is not the case for combustion.

I have also not mentioned yet that hydrogen has a higher energy density (by mass) than gas, making the transportation cost and emissions (per joule transported fuel) lower.

Shortly speaking: The numbers say that steam-reforming + fuel cells is already a competitive option when looking at energy waste and emissions per joule produced. It can be expected to get even better in coming years.

Now for some more points I haven't mentioned yet:

Using steam-reformed hydrogen makes hydrogen cheap, which helps incentivise building things that use hydrogen, rather than combustion, which further increases demand for hydrogen. This helps lay the ground work for future, green, hydrogen infrastructure.

Maybe most importantly of all: When hydrogen is produced by steam reforming, all the CO~2~ is produced in one place, which can make CO~2~-capture viable. When the gas is burned as fuel in a bunch of different places, CO~2~-capture becomes less viable, as current technology heavily favours large, centralised capture operations.

Hydrogen makes sense for planes in theory. It's an alternative for batteries, which are very heavy and thus not practical for long flights.