Don't know what Windows does differently, but usually you can configure it on the monitor directly using the monitor's buttons and OSD. Search for something like "Stretching" or "Scaling", etc. and disable it. This should result in the monitor putting whatever it gets in the center.
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I have options like "Screen Size" and "Screen Adjustment" but they're blacked out / disabled.
If your monitor is like mine (Samsung Odyssey G9 original), you have to disable freesync monitor side to have the aspect ratio correct on non 32:9 resolutions on the displayport inputs.
I dont have a chance to check specifics but if theres no way to do it using the gui you can try the xrandr command. it has lots of options for screen positioning and the like.