YUROP

Rail is a very big upfront investment, but it lasts for longer, all but eliminates the need to actively handle fuel, (you still need a few diesel locos to deal with maintenance) and have an effectively unlimited fuel range.

Buss Rapid Transit (thanks for making me google that btw) is not a bad idea, but since that is basically a trackless tram with way worse capacity and higher pollution, I don't really see the point other than a temporary lines to determine viabillity of a new tram line.

I know you are about to dig into me regarding the pollution and the range of busses.

So, let me break down my argument.

Pollution, a bus has a much shorter service life than trains and trams, they also have a much lower capacity, this means that you not only need more busses at the start, you also need to replace them much more frequently. This includes hybrids, battery busses, trolly busses and any other kind of bus. So that is using way more resources over time, and causes way more waste over time.

Out of the busses I mentioned above, I want to put special focus on battery busses.

THEY BE HEAVY, MAN!

Battery busses are idiotic, the batteries weigh a shitloaf and it has already caused issues with both roads and busses, where the new busses our local transit authority bought have been banned from driving the route they were supposed be used on due to road and bridge dammage from their weight.

Heavy vehicles cause vastly more dammage to roads and infrastructure than lighter busses.

They also have limited range and need to be recharged at a stop, this also reduces their usefullness, as they are locked in to charge.

"But what about fast charging?"

Sure, that exists and is working, while significantly increasing the wear on the batteries, thus reducing the life time further.

That means we gotta built reproccessing facilities for old batteries to get rebuilt, which means disassembling big batteries with a huge energy potential, and work with toxic substances creating a lot of health risks: https://www.alsym.com/blog/lithium-based-batteries-are-toxic-from-start-to-finish/

This means that reprocessing will either be expensive (reprocessing domestically with oversight) or cheap and unethical (outsourcing to countries with less oversight where labour is cheap and and safety standards are not always followed).

Hybrid busses makes more sense since they have a smaller battery to assist the normal engine, this means that the batteries does not run the entire bus constantly, but they vastly bring down fuel emmisions, and are way less heavy, the batteries lasts longer causing less waste.

Trolly busses is the best bus, light, unlimited range, causes less waste and is over all a fantastic way to implement busses.

What remains is the capacity problem, trains and even trams are way, way more space for passengers, so you need fewer vehicles and last way longer so you don't need to replace them as often, which is even better.