More photos in the comments. Is it supposed to be connected to the motherboard? I found it in the case. It wasn't connected. I think that the backside is some sort of thermal patch. I can tell that it's not a camera but I'm very confused and the connection reminds me of more of a laptop or phone connection not something you would see in a PC. The data matrix contains the same text as the white sticker.
How old of a computerd did you find it in? Definitely looks like mobile technology like you said, not desktop. Looks like some sort of sensor or transmitter/receiver. Thermal imager? Wireless something or other? Something obviously higher powered that needs cooling with the thermal pads you mentioned and not just a basic sensor with the 24 pin connector.
About a decade old, it has GTX TITAN X so not crazy old