More photos in the comments. Is it supposed to be connected to the motherboard? I found it in the case. It wasn't connected. I think that the backside is some sort of thermal patch. I can tell that it's not a camera but I'm very confused and the connection reminds me of more of a laptop or phone connection not something you would see in a PC. The data matrix contains the same text as the white sticker.
I declare you the likely winner. After looking all over inside of the computer, I couldn't find anything that seems like it's broken or missing a part. I suspect that it really did just fall into the case at some point.