Some came from religious teaching, but mostly I got my moral code from my peers and personal experience. I very much start with treating others as I'd be happy/like to be treated. If you follow that principal to start with then most other morals fall into place.
Not sure what you're getting at about how far back you have to go but perhaps I can head off that discussion by saying that most morals can exist in the absence of religion and spirituality.
Re your second question. No. And I doubt anyone has, but that's because morals form a part of religious beliefs. As I discussed, morals first then religion based morals after.
Religion or spirituality of some form or another has existed for as long as we have any detailed information on any societies. The main problem with this discussion is that spiritual, religious and plain moral beliefs long predate any written language system so we can't refer to any solid evidence.
If you start with "I don't like that" as a simplistic moral, then that predates any language as well and therefore spirtuality or religion.
I'd disagree with that as well. I believe that "why did that storm happen?" "Why did drought kill everyone?" Etc - "the spirits and gods are angry!" As an answer in the absence of the level of scientific knowledge to expain it is the starting point.
Bear in mind that these questions will have existed before complex language developed. And you can't develop a widespread religion without consistant communication. You can't form the concept of a spirit or god without generations of discussion.