this post was submitted on 13 Oct 2023
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Input/output error means the drive is just dying, irrespective of the software. Software can't do anything about failing hardware, and that's what you ran into.
Probably so, but just to be certain about the partition table not causing it, I'd maybe try running the
ddcommand on /dev/sdd rather than /dev/sdd1. It should be able to read a little more than the attempt to read /dev/sdd1 did. I'm not absolutely certain what happens if a partition table is invalid and has a partition that includes a region extending off the end of the hard drive, and I haven't actually seen a dump of the partition table posted by OP. It might be that an attempt to read a partition that extends off the end of the drive gets exposed to an application as an I/O error.I'm also a little surprised by the lack of kernel log messages. Maybe things have changed, but with all of IDE and SATA internal drives, I always got errors logged with the kernel if I/O failed on a drive, and they always referenced the drive's device name.
I just can't think of much higher level stuff that would cause I/O errors while trying to read at a partition level, though.
And a failing drive could also explain the freeze in Arch, the slow booting of Debian, the inability to mount the drive, and the I/O errors, so it'd explain a lot.