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Article 1, section 8:
Given that the 16th Amendment exists expressly in order to establish a federal income tax, it's probably safe to say that this has not been understood as an unlimited power of taxation.
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company is the relevant SCOTUS case, if you're curious. The tl;dr is that Article I, Section 9:
states that revenues raised by a "direct tax", which includes income taxes, from a given state must be proportional to that state's population relative to the rest of the country. Income isn't evenly distributed among the states, so income taxes violate this provision. That's why the 16th amendment specifically exempts income taxes from that requirement:
The basic idea was that, if Congress needed to raise a bunch of money for some large project, they can't go targeting specific states for it.
The Sixteenth Amendment exists not because of the limitations imposed by Pollock v. Farmers, but because Congress was concerned that the Supreme Court might strike down further income tax laws even though they were within the powers conferred by Article 1. Congress thought the Supreme Court had gone too far (and they likely did) and wasn't sure how far they would go so they took it out of the Supreme Court's hands.
Funnily enough you're talking about circular logic. One is saying congress has the expressed right to tax and cannot be limited by the Supreme Court. Now you're saying the Supreme Court has already limited congresses power to tax..
Er, no?
I'm saying that the Constitution, Article I Section 9, imposes a limit on Congress's ability to issue taxes. The Sixteenth Amendment was passed to specifically exempt income taxes from that limit, which is what authorized the federal income tax. There is a very real legal argument that a wealth tax, which is a fundamentally different kind of tax, does not fall under the Sixteenth Amendment exemption and thus is constitutionally restricted.
I might not have explained that super clearly, so genuinely, feel free to ask if I was confusing at all.
Not an amendment.