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We have a lot of standard sizes that seem to be based on imperial - 12mm (1/2inch), 16mm (5/8inch), 19mm (3/4inch), 32mm (5/4inch) etc.
If you're actually interested in taking a look, here's a link to the dressed timber section of Australia's hardware capital - Bunnings.
I think you just made my point for me. Are those finished milled boards or rough sawn?
In America we refer to rough sawn and finished boards differently; a rough milled board 1 inch thick and 4 inches wide is 4:4x4 "four-quarter by four". This board will be milled to 3/4" by 3 1/2" and called a 1x4 or a "one-by-four." If I tell a sawyer "I'm looking for some six-quarter oak" he knows I'm looking for thicker than usual rough cut stock. "I'm looking for some two-by-sixes" implies I'm looking for pre-milled construction lumber. I can say a lot about the wood I want and the condition I want it in with not many words...to an American sawyer, anyway.
Oh, and then there's board feet! Pre-milled boards bought from retailers like Home Depot or Lowe's are sold price-per-each because retail, but you go to a lumber yard or sawmill you're going to pay by volume in units of "board feet." A board foot is a 12 inch wide, 12 inch long and 1 inch thick board, or 144 cubic inches. Which sounds like a bigger pain in the ass than it is.
That's 'dressed all round' what I'm assuming is finished milled. I'm a very amateur diyer - I'd imagine that if you went to a timber yard here they'd probably have a good idea what you were after. Just read online that most bulk wood is bought by the cubic metre, but all dimensioned wood is by the linear metre.
Yeah, put through the jointer/planer to make the board straight, square and true. Sometimes called "surfaced 4 sides" or S4S.