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Life expectancy 1870-2021 China, Russia and World avarage
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That was the middle of Mao Zedong's disastrous Great Leap Forward initiative, which due to mismanagement saw vast numbers of people starve to death.
It's a little worse than mismanagement:
The government took what food there was from the farmers because they were trying to swing their dicks around and impress the boss. It's like the Irish potato famine, but with rice.
But even with that disaster Mao still raised life expectancy more than the world average from 1955 to 1976(when he died).