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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
Community icon by Alpár-Etele Méder, licensed under CC BY 3.0
Hey, I've recently designed a Poster about the FHS since I often forget where I should place or find things. Do you have any feedback how to make it better?
I updated the poster: https://whimsical.com/fhs-L6iL5t8kBtCFzAQywZyP4X use the link to see online.
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Old version
Damn that's some great work ! When I started linux I wish I had found such ressources, I was really curious what each of these directories were for.
Would you mind if your material was reused (with credit) for education purposes ?
I'd be more than happy if this was used. Do whatever you want with it as long as you abide by the CC BY-SA-4.0 license. This means you can share freely and modify as long as you keep the authorship information and share with same license.
Related: man hier
it bothers me a little the entry is not called fhs: man fhs
Added to new version. Thanks for the suggestion.
Where should I mount my additional internal HDD's?
/media doesn't fit cause they aren't removable
/mnt doesn't fit cause they aren't mounted temporarily
Currently I have them mounted as /home/user/data and /home/user/backup.
Any reason not to do it like this?
I just mount mine into /mnt and bind mount subdirectories from them into wherever I need the space.
Edit: if you want a more theoretically correct location according to the FHS you could mount drives somewhere under /run and bind their contents from there. I've done that before as well.
tbh I don't think it matters, so wherever you feel like doing it. I just leave it where the distro or file manager defaults to: in Ubuntu-based distros that's /media/$USER/mount-name. For mounts shared across users you could drop the $USER.
Since FHS doesn't specify where "non-removable media" should go, I don't think it makes sense to adopt this recommendation as /media should be removable, but rather, "in case the media IS removable, then mount it to /media/".
If they are internal and permanent (read: unlikely to be removed on a daily basis), I'd just mount them based on their purpose and not them being separate HDDs physically. If they are meant for logs, mount them at /var/log. If they are meant for your movies, /home/user/data is more than fine. In general FHS describes the directory hierarchy, not which parts of it are mountpoints and which are physically on the same media. Technically you're fine having each and every directory on a separate HDD.
I'm also mounting them into /home/user/data while I don't think hard-coding the user name in the mountpoint is a good idea. Besides, it needs the assumption that I'm the only "human-user" of this computer.
I may also mount them at /opt/data, but I'm not sure if it's a good idea
I’m coming more from a server perspective but, fundamentally, all HDDs are “temporary”. Eventually that data might be in a bigger/faster/functioning replacement - so it’s best to treat the drive as something which can always be replaced.
Continuing that, you might mount to /mnt and then symlink that where you really want it, say ../games. That layer of abstraction allows you to replace the drive without much effect on install. Also allows for expansion via something like mergerfs (*no idea if that’s a good idea for your use cases)
I originally had mine mounted on /, to make them easy to type. But that set one of my highly opinionated friends wretching, so I re-mounted them to /media// to placate him and symlinked them to my home directory instead.
It's frustrating how often Linux systems, when approached with a "where is the canonical location for ?" question, have an answer ancient use cases practically no one has anymore, but no satisfying answer for extremely common use cases like permanently mounted backup drives, where to put web server hosted files, or even where to install applications that don't come from package managers (/opt/? /usr/bin/? /home//.local/?).
I really like this, but can I have a black background version please?
Super useful, thanks. Actually made a lot of things click in my head about how Linux works.
When did /home get deprecated? Is /usr/local the replacement?
Sorry for the n00b question (I'm not a noob, but I have been off Linux for a few years), figured the answer may be useful to other users too
/home is not deprecated, it's optional but common. Here is the section from FHS: https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/ch03s08.html
then the legend should be fixed its confusing, as is the whole idea of FHS is outdated and a chore for new users to get into (i still don't fully understand it)
The legend is a bit broken. Will fix it maybe.
As for the rest, yes, the FHS can be confusing. It's from a time where mostly professional admins would deal with it and requirements were pretty different from today's end-user systems. If you want to understand more, I urge you to read the spec. It's highly readable! https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs.html
We need something like this for home, I hate that programs like steam and firefox place themselves directly into home instead of ~/.config and ~/.llocal.
I even move my personal themes to /usr/share/themes because not everything works with ~/.local/share/themes and needs a ~/themes directory instead.
My personal pet peeve is that Firefox profiles are in ~/.mozilla/firefox and Thunderbird profiles are in ~/.thunderbird.
If your flagship product creates a folder named after your company, why not use it for all software by your company???
I'm surprised to hear /home is non standard.
I guess the reason it's not in FHS is that FHS is concerned about system wide things whereas /home is the opposite. It's the user's realm.
There is XDG for /home/$user though.
I don't understand the ambiguity of where to put your projects.
I've typically always put things under /opt/ TIL /etc/opt was where the config should go.
This is a very useful, very well done chart, congratulations.
But what a mess is FHS. Easily the worst thing of linux design for me
laughs in guix
does guix go the same was as nixos in that regard? where can I find info regarding FHS in guix?
Afaik guix is very similar to nixos in that respect. The store where applications are installed is called /gnu there.
Great but what I'm missing is the information that "usr" does not stand for "user", like many people think or even say. If it would the name could actually be "user" and not "usr".
The chart actually does not say what exactly it stands for. It's "user resources" AFAIK.
It's worth clearing this up in my opinion.
Thanks for the input. Things are complicated: https://askubuntu.com/a/135679 . Apparently it originally meant "user" but then slowly was used for system stuff. So people invented backcronyms.
That's just retconning/backronyming it.
/usr does historically stand for user. It's where the user home directories were on old Unix versions.
how is /usr/local local and not system-wide? i though it was for programs you compiled yourself?
"Local" in this context means local to this whole machine. From the perspective of a single user, it's system-wide. But then from the perspective of a sysadmin managing dozens of such systems, it's local.
thanks for the explanation!
Many FHS things don't make much sense for single-user (human user) systems on modern hardware. /usr/local does though. It's for you (as admin) to install software that doesn't come with the os.
Nicely done! Do you perchance have any hi res version?
Thanks! Unfortunately I've used closed source whimsical.com for this and don't have a paid subscription. They only offer low-res for those accounts since recently :(
Laughs in Nix
well nix still uses the same structure, the only difference is that files are symlinked to files in subfolders of the /nix/store folder.
For example you may find that /etc/hosts is just a symlink to /nix/store/69420aaabbbcccdddfffggghhhiii420-hosts
So why does my system mount my drives to /run/user/1000…?
1000 might by your user's user-id
1000 is the default ID given to the first-created user on Debian-based systems.
May or may not be the case with other distros. Haven't checked.
I've never seen /etc/opt used. Usually if an app is in /opt, the entire app is there, including its config which is frequently at /opt/appname/etc/.